What is the “normal gestational term” for humans?
Naegele’s Rule: The standard definition for gestational term is 266 days from conception to the date of the baby’s birth. This is also defined as 280 days, or 40 weeks, from the first day of the mother’s last menstrual period, a definition which assumes that the mother ovulates on day 14 of a 28 day menstrual cycle. The formula used to calculate due date is:
(LMP + 7 days) – 3 months = Due Date
This definition is based on observations, first reported by Franz Naegele in
1812, who believed that pregnancy lasted ten lunar months from the last menstrual period. It was
not based on empirical data.
Mittendorf’s Observations of Gestational Term. In the 1980’s, Mittendorf noticed that birth dates for women in his practice, primarily second-generation Irish-Americans,
averaged seven days past their “due dates”. He reviewed his records, then went on to
review records of 17,000 births, and determined the average healthy, white, private-care, primiparous woman averaged 288 days from LMP to birth:
8 days longer than Naegele’s rule. Mittendorf and other researchers have further determined several factors that affect gestational term, including ethnicity, parity, nutrition, substance use, mother’s age, and mother’s size. Based on Mittendorf’s data, a more appropriate formula might be:
(LMP – 3 months) + 15* Days = Due Date
* Add 10, rather than 15, if mother is non-white, or multiparous